پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 103 (تابستان 1401)

Industrial subsidies as an industrial policy, has a history as old as economics and during different periods has been employed as a supportive tool by different countries. However, effective and optimal distribution of these subsidies has always been a crucial problem for planning and policy making. In this regard, the current study while examining industrial subsidies from theoreticaland empirical aspects, a model is provided for allocating industrial subsidies to 31 provinces of the country according to four effective criteria. For this purpose, the study has employed ZSG-DEA model which is a combination of the data envelopment analysis with game theory. The results of the proposed model which determine the optimal share of each province, indicate that Tehran province with 23.25 percent share has the highest optimal share and Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces with 0.2 percent share have the lowest optimal share of industrial subsidies. After determining the optimal share of support funds in each province, it is suggested that the method of payment of these support resources to the provinces be determined according to the effects of different types of support and type of industries in each province.

Although currency crises evidently Valy based on size and durability in Iran and developing economies, the crises are similarly influenced by the national and international variables through the channel of foreign exchange market misalignements and BOP unsustainability. In this context, we aim to predict currency crises in Iranian economy. Meanwhile, Lasso Regression Method is applied to evaluate the impact of real sector, monetary and external sectors variables on the currency crises respectively two, one, and the same season of the crises incidence. The results underscore the role of the similar indicators to explain currency crises in Iran. The key indicators, which are empirically recognized, are comprised of the net gross domestic saving, and deficit of banks cash flows in the context of a transmission process that sequentially affects the growth of money base, excess aggregate demand, prices growth, net financial-capital transactions as well as the reduction in the disposable international reserves. The transmission process causes the foreign exchange rate deviations from the PPP and UIP rates. The estimation results also underline the likelihood of the EWS to predict the four currency crises in Iran, which respectively encompass the third quarter of 1372, third quarter of 1377, fourth quarter of 1379, and the second quarter of 1390. Moreover, all four-currency crises are evidently influenced by the external indicators (sanctions, and international oil price shocks) and domestic macroeconomic imbalances that periodically accelerated the unsustainability of foreign exchange market and BOP over the past three decades.

The tourism industry is one of the largest and most diversified industries in the world, and is the most important source of income and job creation in many countries. Therefore, estimating the determinants of tourism development is important in economic studies. In this regard, the present study uses panel data and generalized moment method to investigate the impact of capital types including natural capital, physical capital, human capital, financial capital, innovation and foreign direct capital on the development of tourism industry in two groups of selected countries of developing and developed and emerging during the period 2007-2017. The results of the estimation model showed that 1% increase in accumulation of natural capital, physical capital, human capital, financial capital, innovation and foreign direct capital increases the international tourism revenue in developing selected countries by 0.063%, 0.181%, 0.052%, 0.089%, 0.128% and 0.066% respectively. Also, 1% increase in accumulation of natural capital, physical capital, human capital, financial capital, innovation and foreign direct capital increases international tourism revenue in developed and emerging selected countries by 0.113%, 0.104%, 0.080%, 0.055%, 0.091% and 0.118% respectively. In addition, the effect of control variables including globalization, political stability and real exchange rate on the development of tourism industry in both groups of countries are positive and significant.

One of the main concerns of developing countries, is to be on the path of development. Accordingly, the existence of strong laws can increase the cohesion of society. Currently, Iranian tobacco industry, one of the oldest industries in Iran, is in an aura of ambiguity and complexity. Growth in unbalanced production and consumption, lack of accountability, corruption and lack of rule of law are among the challenges  of this industry. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify the opportunities and challenges of this industry by identifying the drivers, and uncertainties and formulating the possible scenarios. The orientation of the present research is applied developmental, the research approach is inductive deductive cycle, and the research strategy is explantory, descriptive and explantory survey. The data collection methods used, were desk research, questionnaries and panel of experts, and sampling method was purposful and accessible, Mick mac tools were applied to analyze the data and senarios were developed using experts opinion. The two drivers of "political and economic variables" and "good governance" were indentified for the industry. Accountability, transparency, adherence to the law, respect for human rights and moral behavior were also identified as the uncertainties in this industry. Finally scenarios of black swan or lost paradise of multinational companies, health society waiting for good governance, tobacco industry deprived of political and economic blessings and green society, were Iran is determined. a perfect example of a country with tobacco control policy and hence, the green society scenario was selected as the fovorable scenario.

Alliance Proactiveness (AP) is the organization’s innovative response to identify and respond to the strategic alliance opportunities. The present study seeks to conceptualize model of AP by applying grounded theory in order to enable businesses to achieve superior performance over current and potential future competitors and achieve a good competitive advantage with a better understanding of their environment. The study is a qualitative research in terms of typology and is located in the paradigm of interpretiveness, and its orientation is developmental. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 university professors, experts and managers of Iranian technology-oriented companies (Hi-Tech) with a history of strategic alliance in their activities, and continued through theoretical sampling and snowball to reach the theoretical saturation point. After analyzing the interviews, 353 open codes were conceptualized in the open coding stage. Then, open coding concepts were classified into 93 sub-categories and 29 main categories in axial and selective coding. Finally, the conceptual model of AP was extracted with the dimensions of causal conditions, pivotal phenomena, strategies and actions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, and consequences and results. The results of the research can be used as a roadmap for managers in recognizing the factors and obstacles of proactive behaviors in strategic alliances and in introducing various dimensions in strategic areas, contexts and interventions, and provide a correct understanding of its consequences.

Understanding the causal relationships governing barriers to the advancement of innovative ideas for small and medium-sized businesses, in order to address these barriers and to create wealth, is one of the important needs of policy makers, investors and idea makers. Lack of attention to this issue in previous research, especially in the field of medical equipment is one of the research gaps in this field. After extracting 37 initial indicators of research from literature review and conductiong interviews with experts, 19 final indicators were selected and the relationships between them were entered in the comparison matrix. Then, the MICMAC chart of barriers advancement of innovative ideas in small and medium-sized businesses in the field of medical equipment was derived for the case of Persian Gulf Science and Technology Parkn. Finally, the structure of causal relations of these obstacles was introduced and accordingly, suggestions were made for policy makers and managers in this field.

Companies registration system as the only specialized entity in the field of companies information has the dual function on registering information. In the domain of identity information, provide an unchangeable certainty of corporate identity, is the aim of the system; while in the field of status information, establishment of information symmetry has been targeted by the system. Companies registration systems have not applied the same approach in achieving these goals, as they have created Monism and Dualism systems in the field of identity, and regarding the status information, the Intermediary and Interactionist systems have emerged. In this study, based on economic analysis, we concluded that, in order to achieve these goals, the Monism system in the field of identity information, and Intermediatory system in the context of status information, are the efficient systems. On the basis of this, suggestions have been made for the establishment of laws in the field of companies registration in Iran.

Although Lex Mercatoria is considered one of the most important options for handling contracts in international trade territory, it can still be delegated to international contract offices which, compared to national legal systems, including Conflict resolution rules, have a greater ability to meet the needs of the business community. Therefore, the choice of Lex Mercatoria can be preceded by the choice of national laws, which in practice can be more effective for traders, facilitating and promoting contracts concluded in international trade, thereby boosting international markets and increasing the level of social welfare. In this study, we analyze Lex Mercatoria based on criteria such as cost reduction and economic goals outlined for contract rights. The material presented in this article shows that Lex Mercatoria is a more appropriate option for traders in the international business domain.